Let’s learn about the Biochemical and Hematological Analysis of Goats Infected Theileria. This article will give us a in-depth knowledge about Biochemical and Hematological Analysis of Goats Infected Theileria.
Pakistan’s agriculture sector is vital to its economy as it contributes 18.9% to GDP and absorbs 42.3% of the labor force. The total livestock population of Pakistan consists of 49.6 million cattle, 30.9 million sheep, 78.2 million goats, and 41.2 million buffaloes. The livestock sector is a pivotal component of the domain of the economy as it contributes 58.9% to the agricultural value added. Besides this, 11.1% of the overall GDP by the production of milk, egg, fur, and wool (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, 2019-2020)(Afzal et al. 2004).
>Under the arid and semi-arid conditions of Pakistan small ruminants (sheep and goat) production is one of the important economic activities.
Goat Breeds in Pakistan
Goats are included in the rapidly growing small ruminants in Pakistan. The main reason for its demand is the preference of goat meat by the people. There are 25 goat breeds in Pakistan. Beetal, Kamori, Nachi, Dera Din Panah, Angora, and Teddy are the most prevalent domestic breeds and there are two wild breeds such as Ibex and Markhor. Certification of different goat breeds is mostly based on the annual record of many research institutes that are working on goat production.
The primary objective of the goat breeding is the meat production while milk production has secondary importance. The substantial heterogeneity among goat breeds depends upon diversity in production, growth, morphological, fertility and other traits (Khan et al. 2008; Saif et al. 2020).
Parasitic Diseases in Small Ruminants
Parasitic diseases greatly reduce the production potential of small ruminants. Goats are prone to parasitism which results in the form of reduced reproduction, more susceptibility to secondary infections and increased mortality. The hemoparasites including babesia, theileria, trypanosoma anapl, etc. cau, cause high morbidity and mortality due to increased prevalence.
1. Theileriosis in Goats
Theileriosis is a significant blood protozoan disease of small ruminants. The only two etiological agents of theileriosis in goats are Theileria ovis and Theileria leptoquarks in Pakistan. The climatic conditions of tropical and sub-tropical regions make the animals more prone to tick-borne afflictions. A variety of ticks i.e., Hyalomma, Rhiphicephalus, Heamophysalis, and Rhiphicephalus cause the spread of the disease in small ruminants in various regions of the world including Pakistan (Durrani et al. 2011).
Rhiphicephalus and Haemaphysalis are important species of tick vectors for the Iberia.
2. Pathogenesis of Theileriosis – Biochemical and Hematological Analysis of Goats
During the tick infestation theileria enter the host as sporozoites and quickly invade mononuclear leukocytes. The sporozoites are metamorphosed into macroschizonts that transform into microschizonts and into merozoites, that are released from the leukocyte. The merozoites enter erythrocytes and transform into piroplasms (Radostits et al., 2000). Cows and buffaloes with subclinical theileriosis in endemic regions become carriers of piroplasms and act as a source of infection for the vectors (Brown, 1990)(Qayyum et al. 2010; Stockham et al. 2000).
The clinical signs that are observed in goats suffering from theileriosis are different. They may include increased body temperature, swollen lymph nodes, pale mucous membrane, anorexia, loss of weight, constipation or diarrhea etc. The progressive loss of weight leads to emaciation and ultimately death of animal.
Clinical Signs of Theileriosis in Goats
In various studies, significant, ant changes in hematological parameters (i.e. Hb level, packed cell volume, RBCs places, white blood cells, and ESR), and biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, BUN) have been observed in animals affected with theileriosis. A decreased efficiency of various organs has been observed using numerous diagnostic tools.
>In the present study Giemsa staining, which is considered as gold standard technique for staining, will be performed to examine the thin smears of blood samples for identifying the etiological agent i.e. theileria in the present study.
This staining technique is used to examine different other blood parasites like babesia, plasmodium, and trypanosome etc.. They are also used to differentiate the morphology of cytoplasm and nucleus of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets.
Similar to any kind of Romanowsky stain, this stain consists of both basic and acidic dyes. WAboutaffinities of basicity and acidity for blood cells. Methylene blue and Azure, which is a basic dye has an affinity for acid nuclei and produces blue or purple color. Eosin, which is an acidic dye binds to the cytoplasm and its granules and gives red color.
Hematological and Biochemical Changes in Theileriosis
An automated hematology analyzer will be used to perform a Complete Blood Count (CBC). This test is often considered a general screening method to examine your basic health status. The Complete Blood Count is performed to screen several diseases and conditions such as anemia, leukemia, inflammation, and infections. It helps in screening the status of certain disease diseases in determining the efficacy of treatment.
Renal Function Tests in Theileriosis
Renal function tests (creatinine and Blood Urea Nitrogen) will be performed using a serum chemistry analyzer. So, they can help diagnose the kidney function of theileriatheileria-positivef the level of creatinine and nitrogen in the blood are higher these tests indicate that kidneys are not functioning properly to clear these waste products from the blood.
When the muscles break down creatinine is produced, most of times at a constant rate in the body. It usually depends upon the muscle mass of the body. It is considered as a measure whether kidney is functioning normally or not. A test called as creatinine clearance test, is used to monitor the extent of kidney disease. If the creatinine level is more than the reference value of creatinine the diagnosis of renal disease is usually made.
In the case of uremia and chronic renal failure, there is an eventual decline in the clearance of creatinine by both the tubules and the glomeruli. The values of creatinine can fluctuate as its production may not be only due to the breakdown of muscle mass but also depends upon the function of muscles, their activity, composition, health status and diet. The progressive secretion of tubular creatinine in some kidney patients can give false negative results.
Dipstick Urinalysis – Biochemical and Hematological Analysis of Goats
The vital nitrogenous end product of catabolism of protein and amino acid is Urea. It is produced by the liver in the urea cycle and after that distributed throughout the body in extracellular and intracellular fluid. The glomeruli in the kidneys are the site of urea filtration and the urea is reabsorbed along with water. The most crucial clinical indices for determining kidney function are based on the concentration of urea in the blood serum. It is also helpful in differential diagnosis of chronic kidney disease and acute kidney disease. So, it can treat the areas where the serum urea nitrogen–creatinine ratio is elevated.
Urea clearance is not considered a good indicator of GFR. But it elevated production rate is based on various non-renal factors including urea cycle catalysts and nutrition. Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is mostly seen correlated with kidney disease. Besides this, it can obstruct the urinary tract by some kidneys, shock, fever, dehydration, and hemorrhages in the GIT. Increased serum urea levels can also occur during late gestation. It can also occur as a result of consuming a protein-rich diet(Deska Pagana and Pagana 2002; Ghonemy and Amro 2014; Gowda et al. 2010).
Dipstick tests for urinalysis are used as a screening tool for the examination of urine in humans and animals. It is easy to perform in all conditions, cost-effective, can be repeated conveniently, and provides quick results. Moreover, a small volume of urine can be used on the test strips for reliable results. That’s the very reason dipstick tests are widely used in veterinary clinical practices(Balogh et al. 2017; Center et al. 1990; Lage 1980).
Challenges – Biochemical and Hematological Analysis of Goats
In conclsuion, Biochemical and Hematological Analysis of Goats – We can tentatively diagnose theileria on the basis of clinical findings. We can confirm it later by examining blood smears and lymph nodes. However, it is more complicated to diagnose chronic or carrier state infections of Theileriosis using such techniques. It is mainly due to insignificant clinical findings and low infection(Agina et al. 2020).
